Grammer

Lessons 1

📚 افعال to be و ضمایر فاعلی

ضمیر فاعلی (Subject Pronoun)	معنی	فعل to be در زمان حال
I	من	am
You	تو / شما	are
He	او (مذکر)	is
She	او (مونث)	is
It	آن (برای اشیا و حیوانات)	is
We	ما	are
They	آن‌ها	are

✨ مثال‌ها:

• I am a student. → من یک دانش‌آموز هستم.
• She is my friend. → او دوست من است.
• They are happy. → آن‌ها خوشحال هستند.

📚 Subject Pronouns and To Be Verbs

🔹 What are Subject Pronouns?

Subject pronouns are words that replace the subject (the doer of the action) in a sentence.

Subject Pronoun	Meaning
I	the speaker (me)
You	the person spoken to
He	a man/boy
She	a woman/girl
It	a thing or animal
We	the speaker + others
They	other people/things

---

🔹 What is “to be”?

“To be” is a verb that means “to exist” or “to be in a state”.
In the present tense, it changes depending on the subject:

Subject Pronoun	To Be Verb (Present)	Example Sentence
I	am	I am happy.
You	are	You are smart.
He	is	He is a teacher.
She	is	She is tired.
It	is	It is cold.
We	are	We are students.
They	are	They are at home.

🔄 To Be – Affirmative, Negative, and Question Forms

✅ Affirmative Form (positive sentences)

Subject	To Be	Example
I	am	I am a student.
You	are	You are smart.
He	is	He is my friend.
She	is	She is at home.
It	is	It is cold.
We	are	We are ready.
They	are	They are tired.

---

❌ Negative Form

Subject	To Be	Negative	Example
I	am	not	I am not sleepy.
You	are	not	You are not late.
He	is	not	He is not here.
She	is	not	She is not busy.
It	is	not	It is not hot.
We	are	not	We are not angry.
They	are	not	They are not hungry.

📝 Contractions (short form):

• I’m not
• You’re not / You aren’t
• He’s not / He isn’t
• She’s not / She isn’t
• It’s not / It isn’t
• We’re not / We aren’t
• They’re not / They aren’t

---

❓ Question Form

To Be	Subject	Example Question
Am	I	Am I wrong?
Are	You	Are you okay?
Is	He	Is he your brother?
Is	She	Is she tired?
Is	It	Is it broken?
Are	We	Are we late?
Are	They	Are they ready?

📝 Structure:
To Be + Subject + Rest of Sentence + ?

---

✨ Tip:

Use these forms for describing:

• feelings (I am happy.)
• conditions (She is sick.)
• identity (He is a doctor.)
• location (We are at school.)

---

Lessons 2

🧠 Common Noun vs. Proper Noun (Quick Summary)

🔹 Common Noun

A common noun is a general name for people, places, or things.
It is usually not capitalized unless it comes at the beginning of a sentence.
🧾 Example: city, teacher, river

🔸 Proper Noun

A proper noun is a specific name for a person, place, or thing.
It is always capitalized.
• Refers to a specific person, place, or object
• Usually not pluralized
• Always starts with a capital letter

🧾 Example: Reza, Iran, Google

📚 Plural Nouns – How to Make Common Nouns Plural

🔹 Basic Rule:

Most common nouns become plural by adding -s to the end.

🧾 Example:

• book → books
• cat → cats
• table → tables

---

🔸 Special Rule: Add -es

If a noun ends in: -ch, -sh, -x, -s, or -z,
→ Add -es to make it plural.

🧾 Examples:

• bus → buses
• box → boxes
• watch → watches
• dish → dishes

---

ℹ️ Tip:

This rule helps with pronunciation — adding -es makes the plural easier to say when the word ends in a hissing or buzzing sound.

---

📌 You can add more rules later like:

• nouns ending in -y → change to -ies
• irregular plurals: man → men, child → children
  (Let me know if you want those too!)

حروف تعریف

نامعین: a / an

• معنی: یک
• کاربرد:
  • چیز نامشخص
  • شغل
  • اولین اشاره

🔹 a قبل از حروف بی‌صدا → a cat
🔹 an قبل از حروف صدادار → an apple

معین: the

• برای چیز مشخص یا آشنایی که قبلاً گفته شده

مثال:

• I saw a bird. The bird was white.

Articles

Indefinite: a / an

• Meaning: one
• Use:
  • Unknown thing
  • Job title
  • First mention

🔹 a before consonant sounds → a dog
🔹 an before vowel sounds → an egg

Definite: the

• Used for something specific or mentioned before

Example:

• I saw a bird. The bird was white.